Essential Utilities For Mac Maintenance And Troubleshooting

ESSENTIAL UTILITIES MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING MAC RANDOMIZATIONDURING THESE

Essential Utilities Maintenance And Troubleshooting Mac RandomizationDuring These

Objectives of Plant Maintenance 2. Mac RandomizationDuring these challenging times, our stores will remain open as an essential business in order to provide our community with supplies and support to help.ADVERTISEMENTS: After reading this article you will learn about:- 1. As we know, Apple has been a strong privacy advocate all along (their marketing teams will tell you again and again), but in iOS 14, they almost took it to a whole new level. Centrifugal Pumps: Basics Concepts of Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting, Part I By: Mukesh Sahdev, Associate Content Writer Presented at The Chemical EngineersвЂ™ Resource Page, The fact of the matter is that there are three types of problems mostly encountered with centrifugal pumps: design errorsAs data analytics have evolved from snowball to avalanche, data privacy initiatives have been standing in the gap between individuals and the companies that wish to harness their data.

The private addressing feature is enabled by default, but it can be disabled by the user or via network profiles pushed by administrators.ItвЂ™s entirely possible that Apple legitimately planned to release an aggressive randomization algorithm, and they were talked off the ledge by the industry. For each unique SSID (wireless network), the device will choose a new randomized address and use that private address for the network (during beta-testing, this address was also randomized every 24 hours). Even though the final iOS 14 release has less aggressive randomization behavior than betas, the world of MAC randomization is changing, and network operators are wise to follow it.In iOS 14, Apple adds MAC randomization for all Wi-Fi connections, not just for scanning. WhatвЂ™s New?The reason for this article is that Apple created quite an industry scare in its first few beta releases of iOS 14. But once a device connects to a network, the device would only and always use the вЂњrealвЂќ MAC address. This prevented most types of device/user tracking of passerby (or disconnected) users.

802.11aq notes that MAC addresses, OFDM data scramblers, sequence numbers, probe request data, and other attributes can all be used to uniquely identify devices. Android defaults to a randomized MAC, which can be disabled, as shown below.In addition to OS manufacturers, the IEEE 802.11aq working group has also incorporated enhancements for MAC privacy. But, this change will take time for network operators.Despite the fact that Apple rocked the boat in their beta, Android has had MAC randomization behavior for connected sessions since Android 10.0. By teasing out the aggressive behavior, they got everyoneвЂ™s attention, and their goal was to influence the industry to embrace operational paradigms that donвЂ™t depend so heavily on MAC addresses.

MAC addresses of the future may not behave the same as MAC addresses today (or yesterday). Keep in mind that MAC addresses have always been a predictable long-term device identifier, which means that network ecosystem tools, processes, and connection paradigms are often built around MAC addresses.So hereвЂ™s the important point. The whole point of MAC randomization is to obscure some aspects of presence tracking that identify patterns in behavior, especially across different networks and venues that could indicate user activity.As privacy initiatives push forward (and they will), there may also be side effects in user experience and operator workflows. I say вЂњcollateralвЂќ because Apple is focused on privacy, and they will continue prioritizing it in the future. Crisis averted.However, the iOS 14 beta triggered a bit of panic in some industries as everyone struggled to assess the collateral damage. Any address matching one of the following patterns is considered private:Security analytics platforms like Extreme AirDefense should also be able to identify whether devices are using private addresses.To be honest, for now, there isnвЂ™t one.

One consideration would be to look at alternate authentication schemes that are not keyed by MAC, such as an 802.1X certificate workflow (I know, certs are scary), ExtremeвЂ™s private PSK, or Hotspot 2.0.Although MAC addresses have always been vulnerable to over-the-air eavesdropping and spoofing (copying by an attacker), some systems use MAC addresses for device authentication. If the MAC ever changes, the infrastructure will force the user through the portal again, creating a user-experience challenge.ItвЂ™s hard to give specific guidance for evolving portal workflows because theyвЂ™re used in so many varied ways. TheyвЂ™re used to deliver legal terms and agreements, for guest/visitor login, to capture some guest info in exchange for connectivity, and for authentication/billing purposes, such as usage-based hotspots.In many cases, captive web portals use the MAC address as the device anchor, and so the userвЂ™s authorization state is connected to the MAC. Here are some operational areas to get you started.Captive portals are web pages presented to users during initial network connection, typically for guest networks. Start retooling now so that you are not caught off guard later. Then rethink whether they will work if the MAC address is different, or if the MAC changes regularly (e.g.

Private addresses will not map to OUI databases. If private MAC addresses change, then the new MAC address will be considered a new unique device, which can sway device/user counts. In reality, the iOS 14 behavior didnвЂ™t change the analytics story very much, but there are some points to keep in mind:

To engage users, track user repeats, or extract information, operators may have to sweeten the pot with on-device apps that add more value for the user, which simply raises the cost of entry for a business case.For some environments where operators want users to register their devices, MAC addresses are often used as a simple form of access gatekeeping. Since the MAC stays the same for a given SSID, itвЂ™s still possible to measure repeat versus new guests, and ultimately tie a userвЂ™s activity over time to a specific session.Most other presence analytics remain unchanged, like occupancy measurements, user density, location flow dataвЂ”and of course, any time we can map a specific user to a random MAC, we may gain more.Thinking ahead to MAC randomization that rotates daily or weekly, one course of action is for venue operators to focus on driving user adoption of appsвЂ”of course, this is the holy grail of engagement. But arguably, this engagement tracking use case was more slideware anyways. It is increasingly becoming impossible to make a connection between a scanning device and a connected device, for example, to identify specific visitors with вЂњengagedвЂќ visitors.

This is very important to the workflow because the onboarding SSID may not match the operational SSID, so the private MAC may be different for these sites. The main challenge for today is to make sure that the registration happens with the private MAC tied to the operational SSID. Further, in university and other multi-dwelling unit contexts, a MAC registration database can be used for private network security that allows users to access their own devices (similar to home networks), while being blocked from seeing othersвЂ™ devices.

Essential Utilities For Mac Maintenance And Troubleshooting